Description and Etiology
A. Central canal stenosis
The normally triangular-shaped spinal canal becomes flattened, compressing the thecal sac. As it progresses, the cauda equine is compressed. This can be caused by any of the following, or any combination of the following:
• facet hypertrophy
• thickening and bulging of the ligament flava
• outward disc bulging
• disc degeneration
• spondylosis Read More »
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Nursing Assessment, Intervention, and Monitoring
Preoperative
1. Surgical procedure2. Informed consent (obtained by surgeon)
3. Expected outcomes (postoperative and long term)
4. Required preoperative testing
5. Discontinuation of medications (e.g., herbal products, NSAIDs, anticoagulants, aspirin, warfarin, clopidogrel bisulfate) Read More »
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Description and Etiology
Intervertebral disc herniation is also known as herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP). HNP may be asymptomatic despite radiographic evidence of bulging, protrusion, or extruded disc. The etiology may be either nonspecific or attributable to a precipitating event. Even when the patient is symptomatic, surgical intervention often is not required. An HNP may be symptomatic due to a combination of direct nerve root compression, the release of inflammatory chemicals (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, prostaglandin E2, interleukin- 6, nitric oxide), and hypoxia of the nerve root and basal ganglion (Ireland, 2009). Radicular pain can be accompanied by paresthesias or paresis (i.e., weakness) in the anatomic distribution of the affected nerve root. The patient may complain of low back pain. The back or leg pain may be aggravated by coughing, sneezing, or assuming certain positions. Read More »
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The appendix is a small, finger-like appendage attached to the cecum just below the ileocecal valve. Read More »
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1. Aminophylline (Theophylline & Ethylenediamine)
A: Inhibits phosphodiesterase, the enzyme that degrades camp, thereby relaxing smooth muscle of bronchial airways & pulmo. BV; ease breathing
Ix: Symptomatic relief of bronchospasm, chronic bronchial asthma
SE: Arrhythmias, respiratory arrest
Cix: active PUD, seizure d/os [unless anticonvulsant therapy is given]
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• Eye trauma causes structural damage to the eye and is produced by mechanical force or contact with corrosive chemical
• Common among children are usually related to their involvement in vigorous play activities
- • Types of eye trauma:
- • Corneal abrasions
- • Blunt trauma
- • Perforating injuries
- • Chemical injuries
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A stroke, also called “brain attack” or “cerebral vascular accident” occurs when brain cells die from oxygen deprivation.
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The central nervous system includes the nerves of the brain and spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and motor nerves, which innervate skeletal muscle.
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The immune response involves white blood cells called lymphocytes. The most important are B and T cells.
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Hypertension is the increase of the Blood Pressure
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• Light is bent or refracted as it passes through the cornea and lens of the eye
• Refractive errors exist when light rays are not focused appropriately on the retina of the eye
A. MYOPIA
B. HYPEROPIA
C. ASTIGMATISM Read More »
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Heart failure occurs when the heart’s pumping becomes impaired, resulting in inability to meet the body’s oxygen demands. The most common type of heart failure, left-sided failure, occurs when the left ventricle cannot contract sufficiently. Read More »
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