Role: Appears to be involved in bone metabolism. Read More
Role: Enzyme cofactor.
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Role: Assists in glucose metabolism.
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Role: A component of bones and teeth; promotes bone and tooth formation; discourages tooth decay; may reduce risk of osteoporosis.
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Role: As a cofactor for many enzymes, it assists in energy metabolism, urea synthesis, growth, and reproduction.
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Role: Functions of copper-containing enzymes include antioxidant activity; participation in electron transport, synthesis of connective tissue, synthesis of melanin; myelination of nerve tissue. It is involved with immune function and heart health. The copper-containing enzyme ceruloplasmin catalyzes oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron. Read More
Role: As a component of thyroid hormones, it is involved with regulating body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, and growth.
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Role: Component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Works synergistically with vitamin E. Involved in immune function and thyroid metabolism.
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Role: As a cofactor in many enzymes, it is involved with gene expression, protein metabolism, sexual maturation, sperm production, fetal development, and bone health. It is needed for vitamin A metabolism, wound healing, and taste perception.
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Role: Component of hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in blood; component of myoglobin, which holds oxygen for muscle for muscle use. Required for energy utilization, immune function.
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Role: Component of some amino acids, biotin, thiamin, other important compounds. Helps regulate acid-base balance. Drug detoxification.
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Role: Participates in hundreds of enzyme reactions. Regulates muscle contractility. Involved in nerve function and blood clotting, release of energy from ATP.
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Role: Structural material for bones and teeth. Component of nucleic acids, of phospholipids, of numerous enzymes, and of high-energy compounds such as ATP.
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Role: Structural material for bones and teeth. Involved in regulating nerve conduction, blood clotting, membrane permeability, nerve irritability, and muscle contraction.
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Role: Major anion in extracellular fluid. Involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. Component of gastric juice.
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Role: Major intracellular cation. Involved in transmitting nerve impulses, regulating blood pressure, and controlling muscle contractility.
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Role: Major cation in extracellular fluid. Involved in regulating body water distribution, blood pressure, acid-base balance, and nerve and muscle function.
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Role: A methyl donor. A component of bile, and of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. As part of the phospholipid lecithin, it is an emulsifier and functions in cell membranes.
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Role: An antioxidant. Needed for collagen synthesis: wound healing, blood vessel integrity, maintenance of gums, bone growth and maintenance. Aids iron absorption. Involved in thyroxin metabolism; synthesis of neurotransmitters, carnitine, and amino acids.
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Role: As part of cobalamin coenzymes, involved in cell synthesis, red blood cell maturation. Regeneration of folate. Maintenance of protective sheath around nerve fibers. Involved in fatty acid metabolism.
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Role: As the coenzyme THFA (tetrahydrofolic acid), involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, red blood cell maturation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and metabolism of homocysteine and other amino acids. Important for reproduction.
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Role: As part of PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and other coenzymes, it functions in amino acid, carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism; red and white blood cell synthesis; conversion of tryptophan to niacin; synthesis of several neurotransmitters.
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Role: As part of several coenzymes, it has many metabolic activities, including DNA and lipid synthesis, and energy production from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
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Role: As part of coenzyme A, it has many metabolic activities, including energy production and synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, and proteins.
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Role: As part of coenzymes NAD and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/phosphate), it functions in energy metabolism and synthesis of fatty acids, steroid hormones, DNA, and amino acids.
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Role: As part of coenzyme FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), it functions in energy production and metabolism of amino acids. Involved in oxidation/reduction reactions. Required for vision.
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Role: As part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate), it functions in several energy-producing pathways, is required for RNA and DNA synthesis, and is involved in nervous system function.
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Role: Required in production of thrombin for blood clotting. Involved in bone formation and maintenance.
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Role: As a fat-soluble antioxidant, it protects unsaturated fats, phospholipids, and other fat-soluble substances; discourages oxidation of blood lipids and their subsequent deposition in arteries; helps prevent oxygen damage in the lungs, skin eyes liver, and other organs. Helps maintain red blood cell integrity, nervous system function.
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Role: Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels by regulating their intestinal absorption, retention by the kidneys, deposition into bone, and absorption from bone when calcium and phosphorus blood levels dip. Required for bone/teeth growth and maintenance.
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