Etiology and Risk Factors:
• sun exposure Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• age, race, familial history
• alcohol intake Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Males who are uncircumcised
Clinical Manifestations: Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Exposure to chemicals
• High-fat diet Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• familial history
• diethylstilbestrol (DES) therapy for pregnant woman
• DES in utero Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• associated with use of alcohol and tobacco, including smokeless tobacco Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• unclear Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• smoking
• occupational exposure to carcinogenic substances (asbestos, coal, dust) Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• factors include hepatitis B infection
• chronic liver disease
• anabolic steroid use Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• familial tendency
• cigarette smoking
• chronic vocal straining
• prolonged alcohol ingestion Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• tobacco use
• occupational exposure to industrial chemicals Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Diet high in smoked foods
• Lack of fruits and vegetables Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Chronic irritation
• Ingestion of alcohol and tobacco use Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Familial history
• Chronic inflammatory bowel disease
• Polyps Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Unknown
• Associated factors are multiple sex partners
• Early sexual activity Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Exact cause unknown
• Familial history Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Unknown, but areas under investigation include:
• genetic changes, Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Unclear
• Osteogenic sarcoma: <20 years old
• Chondorsarcoma: adult males
• Multiple myeloma: 50 to 70 years old Read More
Etiology and Risk Factors:
• Carcinogens in the workplace, such as dyes, rubber, leather, ink or paint
• Recurrent bacterial infection of urinary tract
• Smoking
I. Definition
Cancer is the general name given to a large group of diseases characterized by:
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• Proliferation (i.e. rapid reproduction by cell division)
• Metastasis (i.e. spread or transfer of cancer cells from one organ or part to another not directly connected) Read More
Respiratory Alkalosis is an acid-base imbalance characterized by decreased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and increased blood pH Read More
Respiratory Acidosis is an acid-base imbalance characterized by increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and decreased blood pH. Read More
Metabolic Alkalosis is an acid-base imbalance characterized by excessive loss of acid or excessive gain of bicarbonate. Read More
Metabolic Acidosis is an acid-base imbalance resulting from excessive absorption or retention of acid or excessive excretion of bicarbonate. Read More
Contributing Factors: Excessive sodium chloride infusions with water loss, head inury (sodium retention), hypernatremia, renal failure, corticosteroid use, dehydration, severe diarrhea (loss of bicarbonate), respiratory alkalosis, administration of diuretics, overdose of salicylates, Kayexalate, acetazolamide, phenylbutazone and ammonium chloride use, hyperparathyroidism, metabolic acidosis. Read More
Contributing Factors: Addison’s disease, reduced chloride intake or absorption, untreated diabetic ketoacidosis, chronic respiratory acidosis, excessive sweating, vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, sodium and potassium deficiency, metabolic alkalosis; loop, osmotic, or thiazide diuretic use; overuse of bicarbonate, rapid removal of ascitic fluid with a high sodium content, intravenous fluids that lack chloride (dextrose and water), draining fistulas and ileostomies, heart failure, cystic fibrosis. Read More
Contributing Factors: Acute and chronic renal failure, excessive intake of phosphorus, vitamin D excess, respiratory acidosis, hypoparathyroidism, volume depletion, leukemia/lymphoma treated with cytotoxi agents, increased tissue breakdown, rhabdomyolysis. Read More
Contributing Factors: Refeeding after starvation, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis, decreased magnesium, decreased potassium, hyperparathyroidism, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperventilation, vitamin D deficiency associated with malabsorptive disorders, burns, acid-base disorders, parenteral nutrition, and diuretic and antacid use. Read More
Contributing Factors: Oliguric phase of renal failure (particularly when magnesium-containing medications are administered), adrenal insufficiency, excessive IV magnesium administration, DKA and hypothyroidism. Read More
Contributing Factors: Chronic alcoholism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, diuretic phase of renal failure, malabsorptive disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis, refeeding after starvation, parenteral nutrition, chronic laxative use, diarrhea, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, decreased serum K and Ca and certain pharmacologic agents (such as gentamicin, cisplatin, and cyclosporine) Read More
